The New Zealand spinner followed in the footsteps of Jim Lake and Anil Kumble by taking every wicket to fall in India's first innings in Mumbai.
Ajaz Patel has become the third player to take 10 wickets in a Test innings.
The New Zealand left-arm spinner followed in the footsteps of Jim Lake and Anil Kumble by claiming every wicket to fall in India's first innings in Mumbai.
He is the first player to claim the first 10 wickets to fall in a Test match.
Patel, who was born in Mumbai, returned figures of 10 for 119 as India were dismissed for 325 at the Wankhede Stadium.
He was quickly congratulated by Kumble on social media.
The former legspinner wrote: "Welcome to the club Ajaz Patel. Perfect 10. Well bowled! A special effort to achieve it on day one and two of a Test match."
Ajaz Patel is the third man to take 10 wickets in a Test innings
Kumble was the last man to complete a 10-wicket innings in Tests, against Pakistan in Delhi in 1999. Laker has the best figures in Test history, with 10 for 53 against Australia at Old Trafford in 1956.
The feat is perhaps the sport's hardest to complete, with fewer than 100 recorded instances at the top levels of the game.
Patel, 33, is playing in his 11th Test match. His previous best innings return had stood at 5 for 59.
Having emigrated from India to New Zealand in 1996, he became the fifth man of Indian origin to play international cricket for the Blackcaps when he made his Test debut against Pakistan in Abu Dhabi three years ago.
His magical performance in Mumbai began on Friday, when he claimed four wickets, including the controversial dismissal of Virat Kohli, adjudged lbw despite the ball striking an inside edge before hitting his pad.
At the end of play on day one, Patel said claiming those four scalps was "what dreams are made of". Goodness knows, then, what he makes about what transpired on Saturday.
Wriddhiman Saha went in the first over of the day, done in the flight by a delivery which went on with the arm and struck him on the kneeroll playing off the back foot.
Ravichandran Ashwin followed first ball, the ball grazing his off stump after turning off middle.
Fans at the Wankhede Stadium applaud Patel from the field
Centurion Mayank Agarwal was the crucial wicket, caught well by wicketkeeper off a thin edge, before a successful review against Axar Patel saw the allrounder sent on his way after offering no stroke to a delivery which ragged out of the rough.
And when both Jayant Yadav and Mohammed Siraj holed out looking for fast late runs, Patel had his 10.
The achievement drew considerable praise from across the game on Saturday.
Former India head coach Ravi Shastri said: "One of the toughest things to do in the game of cricket. To have an entire team in your kitty in an innings is too good to be true.
"Simply unreal. Well done young man."
Australia white-ball captain Aaron Finch wrote on Twitter: "That's the most amazing thing I've ever seen!! Ajaz Patel… what a phenomenal performance".
The ex-India spinner Harbhajan Singh said: "This will be remembered forever. Simply outstanding. let me stand and clap."